Tuesday, March 29, 2022

The Scientific Skeptic

The Scientific Skeptic: The Aura Photographer

This last weekend I attended a local show of artists specializing in, what I would call, the ‘dark arts’ – mysteries and conspiracies, crystals and magic, horror and the occult, and ‘goth’ art. Among the illustrators, mixed media artists, authors, and psychic readers, there was a young man offering his services as an aura photographer. For $25, I could be photographed with his special camera against a neutral background, and receive not only the photo showing my aura, but a multi-page report about my personality and future.

Reading the energy auras of others (usually by someone claiming an ability to ‘see’) and photographing auras are part of what is considered parapsychology - the study of paranormal or psychic phenomenon – which falls outside the accepted scientific field of psychology. And, because it cannot be scientifically (empirically or definitively) tested, it is considered pseudoscience. Therefore, I doubt the claim that personality type or traits, let alone my future, can be determined by ‘seeing’ or photographing energy auras of individuals.

A research question to challenge this claim might be: How does the energy emitted from an individual indicate personality type and could the ‘reading’ change due to emotional/mood fluctuations? My reasoning is that there would likely be more energy emanating from an individual when they were angry or agitated than when they were calm or still, thus producing a different colored aura that would indicate a different personality type. To apply the scientific method to this research question with the aim of finding empirical evidence to refute the claim, I would develop a hypothesis such as: If an individual was emotionally agitated when their aura was read (or photographed), then their personality type could be misidentified.

To test my hypothesis, an individual could be photographed, using the specialty camera, several times during different moods or emotions. I would predict that those photographs would show different colors during different types of emotions, especially agitation, frustration, or during relaxation or meditative states. To collect data, I could enlist participants that could either self-identify their personality type or take an existing personality test to identify their personality type. They would then be photographed multiple times in one day (morning, afternoon, evening), and recording their emotional states at each time. This could be repeated a couple of weeks later for more data; the same individuals could be used, or it could be new participants.

The collected data - photographs and the known personality type for each participant – could then be analyzed for correct or incorrect identification. Conclusions could be derived from the findings; if a large percentage of error was revealed between the aura readings and the reported personality types of the participants, then it could be suggested that participants’ emotional states could have caused the differences. If there were no differences, and the readings were consistent despite emotion/mood changes, it could be suggested that emotional agitation did not affect the energy emitted from an individual, and the personality type interpreted would be constant. Another factor to be considered would be whether the interpreted personality type from the aura reading and reported personality type (from the individual or a test) were alike. However, the major limitation in this study design is using personality types as a measure, since they, too, are often considered pseudoscience. Using a control of known personality types would deem this study invalid, unreliable, and certainly not credible.

Invalidity and unreliability are hallmarks of pseudoscience; concepts and theories understood to be pseudoscience are not testable, or falsifiable, with the scientific method (Shermer, 2011). That leaves the pseudoscience of aura readings and photography in the realm of alternative methods of explanation or justification of belief (“fixation of belief,” are ways in which individuals accept and believe ideas; Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 3). There are three alternative ways of explanation other than the empirical scientific method: the method of tenacity, the method of authority, and the a priori method (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013). I think an individual might believe the conclusions of an aura reading for any of these reasons, so I will explore each one.

The method of tenacity relies heavily on the way things have always been done, with inflexibility to change (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013). Aura readings and photography have been around since the 1970s, at the start of the New Age movement, and is an accepted part of the paranormal ‘community’ (Wikipedia, n.d.). Some may believe aura readings are valid simply because of the length of time the technique has been around, or because they are part of a group of people who consider it legitimate. This method of tenacity is different from the scientific method because it is not open to change, new approaches, or challenging research findings.

The second alternative method of explanation is also not like the scientific method. The method of authority is believing an idea or concept because someone in authority believes it or says others should believe it (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013). Those considered influential or authority figures (spiritual leaders or celebrities) can give aura readings validity with their approval or participation. However, this is different from the scientific method that does not rely on any individual’s opinion but is built on the repeated testing of variables. The scientific method relies on results and research findings for conclusions, not someone’s opinion, even if they are in a position of authority.

Finally, and probably the most prevalent alternative method of explanation, is the a priori method. This method depends on one’s own opinion, reasoning, and logic to determine whether an idea or concept is acceptable (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2013). I think those who trust their own instincts, reasoning, or logic may accept aura readings are valid if it says what they want to hear or if it agrees with what they already want to believe about themselves or the nature of their energy. This subjective method – I consider it the ‘subject set of one,’ – is different from the structured scientific method of repetitive testing (with acceptable sample sizes that that can be generalized to a population of interest) that is as objective and unbiased as possible. While the a priori method utilizes more reasoning and logic, it is biased and unreliable.

Back at the ‘dark arts’ artist show, I tried to be as objective and unbiased as possible while I was chatting with the young man selling aura photographs. I was hoping my face did not give away my skepticism – he was a very nice man and I didn’t want to offend him. As I leafed through his example photos, I tried to discern whether the aura colors matched the faces staring back at me. I asked him if he had any customers that day, and he said no. That was too bad. I would have liked to observe the procedure and a customer response. I am not sure it would have changed my skepticism, however.

 

credit: Howard Minton

References

Aura (paranormal). (n.d.). In Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)

Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (2013). Beginning behavioral research: A conceptual primer (7th ed.). Pearson.

Shermer, M. (2011). What is pseudoscience? https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-pseudoscience/

 

January 2020

Saturday, March 26, 2022

Roadside Memorials.


You have seen them – roadside memorials. Everything from discrete white crosses to elaborate displays of grief and loss placed at the site of a fatality. What some say started as markers of a funeral processional became popular in the 1980s to mark accidents or other life-ending tragedies. On one hand, these memorials remind all who pass to be mindful of the responsibilities and dangers of operating a vehicle. On the other hand, these roadside displays, sometimes called grassroots memorials, must be motivated by a psychological need of the survivors.

We have several of these perpetual roadside memorials. The large white cross, taller than the caretaker, was erected years ago. It features a photo and hooks on each arm of the cross to hang seasonal artificial flower arrangements. Some of these types of memorials end up looking dirty and tired, but the caretaker of this one lovingly changes out the well-arranged decorations monthly. Another memorial at a busy intersection in a nearby town started as a small floral display, but has now grown to a wooden, painted shrine that protects several good-sized artificial floral displays. We notice these memorials every time we drive to town, which is often. Yesterday, the woman who maintains the large cross with the flower arrangements was at the memorial (the first I had seen her) changing out the display. I can only imagine the planning, storage, and work – as well as the ongoing grief – involved with maintaining this memorial.

According to Clark and Franzmann (2006), those who erect these types of memorials feel a type of empowerment – an authority – from their grief. The church (or synagogue) has historically possessed the authority to not only decide who could be buried where, when, and how (i.e., in the church graveyard), but also dictated, perpetuated, and orchestrated the entirety of funerary rituals. This was due to the clergy being the mediator between the deity and the lay community. It seems that authority has been more and more appropriated by the people; perhaps this began when some realized it was it more ecologically and financially practical to be cremated after death rather than buried in an expensive casket and cemetery plot. Cremation is far less costly, and either keeping or spreading ashes in a natural location, such as on the beach, on a lake, or on a favorite trail, costs relatively nothing. Further, with the ever diminishing amount of the population personally associated with a house of worship, handling the death of a loved one becomes a business deal with a funeral home rather than a meaningful spiritual ritual directed by one’s own pastor or rabbi. Taken together, it is no wonder that mourning families feel empowered by their grief to create their own meaningful rituals, such as erecting and maintaining perpetual roadside memorials.

The traditional rituals of burying loved ones in a cemetery with rigid boundaries that contain the discomfort of death, loss, and grief may no longer adequately serve the needs of the members of the culture by providing a place of meaningful remembrance and comfort. With the increase in roadside memorials, along with memorial car decals affixed to the back windows of vehicles, people must be needing something different than traditional funerary rituals. And when a cultural tradition no longer serves those within that culture, the tradition evolves into something that better serves them through the actions of the members.

Joseph Campbell stated that the enactment of a ritual was participation in the culture’s mythology. When the vast majority participated in, and gained collective comfort from, the traditional death rituals of church-led funerals and cemetery burials, there was not a proliferation of grassroots roadside memorials. As the culture and circumstances changed, it appears those traditions and rituals are not fitting or serving the population in a satisfactory manner. The members of the culture have developed their own rituals, thus reflecting a change in the understanding, spirituality, and rituals surrounding death. Moreover, a culture is strengthened by its shared meaning (as stated by David Bohm), but if many of the members do not share the same or similar meaning – i.e., that a body needs to remain intact after death to facilitate reanimation by a deity at some future date – then the ritual based on that meaning loses its purpose and is eventually disregarded in favor of a more fulfilling ritual. Of course, this takes many decades or even generations, but I suspect what we are seeing with these perpetual roadside memorials is the evolution of the cultural understanding and rituals surrounding death as we all struggle with the lack of collectively-shared meaning.


Postscript: As we pulled up to snap a photo of the aforementioned roadside memorial, and guessing from the attached photo and nature of the decorations, I am thinking a child that was lost at this spot - which makes it even more poignant and sad. The balloons potentially mark his would-be 20th birthday. It is not lost on me that the woman who maintains this memorial is somehow fulfilling the role she would have held in life - to participate and engage this child in the cultural holiday festivities - by marking the current holidays with the matching decorations. It breaks my heart.

References

Clark, J., & Franzmann, M. (2006). Authority from grief, presence, and place in the making of roadside memorials. Death Studies, 30(6), 597-599.

Thursday, March 24, 2022

Seven Days of Silence: What Doesn't Kill Us Makes Us Stronger


The bell sounded as we all held our breath. No one moved. Tim gently chuckled and said with a smile, “well, you can talk now!” From across the room, the young man with almost-dreads who had been so diligently and seriously meditating all week caught my eye as his face instantly transformed from subdued and distant to wildly animated and wide-eyed. It struck me so amusing that I laughed out loud and mirrored his exuberant expression. And suddenly, it felt as if all the air rushed out of the room only to fill again with laughter and language – somewhat cautious at first, but soon gained its full force within a minute or two. I just sat and watched in amazement. It was as if a room full of emotionless statues had just come to life before my eyes – like a black and white movie transforming into technicolor. And in that instant, I realized I had done it – I made it through the 7-day silent vipassana retreat.
I probably would not have chosen to attend a meditation retreat on my own. In fact, I had heard that retreats were not all created equal and further, that they may not be for everyone. I determined early into the retreat that it was one’s motivation to attend that made all the difference. Of the 40-ish yogis attending, it was clear that the majority were there voluntarily – they actually wanted to be there. For me, however, it was a requirement, and that made a huge difference. I wasn’t vehemently against the idea, but I was nervous about the idea of a silent retreat, especially one that was a week long, and did not feel mentally prepared for the experience. I tried to approach the retreat with determination to complete the requirement rather than expectations. I now believe it would have been better if I had known more of what to expect. It is quite possible that one cannot be prepared enough for an experience such as their first silent retreat; perhaps it is something each person must encounter for themselves. The following is my reflection of a silent vipassana retreat experience – my intentions going in, what will stay with me, what I wish I could forget, and some surprising outcomes. For my retreat, I chose Cloud Mountain Retreat Center.
Cloud Mountain is beautiful, without question. Situated deep in a classic Pacific Northwest forest of aged cedars, firs, and grand maples. The grounds were littered with large native ferns, vine maples, and foreign transplants – stands of bamboo of various varieties were broken up with ponds and gravel pathways. There was a glorious grapevine heavy with fruit that bordered a peaceful courtyard featuring a sizeable fountain that, when you closed your eyes, showered your ears with sounds like that of an orchestra. A large statue of the Buddha sat conducting the scene, serenely half-gazing at all who ventured close. I supposed that the name Cloud Mountain referenced nearby Mt. St. Helens, the only active volcano in the lower 48 states, since its eruption was an immense ash-cloud.
Far-removed from the violence of an eruption, I had set my intentions for a week at this place: clarity of mind and sitting like a mountain. I had reminded myself of the Four Qualities of Mind (ardency, clear comprehension, mindfulness, and concentration) and how they would be good guiding intentions as I contemplated the Foundational Truths of the Dharma (Four Noble Truths) throughout the week. As I wrote previously, “remembering and contemplating these truths and teachings each day is the valuable scaffolding that is supporting my ongoing and growing practice,” (Henderson, 2018), and I expected it to be no different at Cloud Mountain. In my mind, this was just a week of retreat, not a ‘coming to God moment.’ I was not, however, prepared for the serious nature of the endeavor, and as I quickly discerned, retreats are not light-hearted affairs. After depositing my bags in my room after registration, I went about following directions to set up my place in the meditation hall where we would be spending so much time. I felt good about my ability as a somewhat seasoned meditator and was curious to see if I would encounter some of the hindrances that were familiar visitors. I was most concerned about sloth and torpor, since that seemed to be the most frequent for me, or perhaps some restlessness. I intended to put my all into sitting meditation and hadn’t really thought much about the times of walking meditation. I have enjoyed doing walking meditation in the last year, so wasn’t anticipating any pesky hindrances causing problems. Unfortunately, I had not considered silence as being a point of concern – in fact, I never even gave it a second thought. Big mistake.
The Experience
At first, the silence was a refreshing change from everyday conversation and auditory input. But, by day 2, it was all falling apart for me. I quickly discerned the reason: for the bulk of my life, silence had been used as a punishment. Whether during my growing up years or in my adult life, silence had been used by the authoritarian and passive-aggressive alike, and repeatedly was a relationship-killer. In my observation and experience, people often use silence to send messages like “I don’t have time for you,” “what you have to say is unimportant,” “I don’t want to hear what you have to say” or “you are an inconvenience and/or not worth my time.” Even in business silence takes the form of non-response; not responding in a timely or respectful manner is a loud message of  I am more important than you.” This is my history and it has left a legacy of trauma and pain that cannot be denied. Because of this, the silence of the retreat felt like days of punishment without the relief of reassuring support or interaction.
Another unexpected effect of the retreat was the resurfacing of pain from past traumatic events, which I suspect was triggered by the silence and lack of social interaction. This caused quite a lot of mental anguish in addition to the challenge of sustained meditation. Goldstein stated that “without steadiness of concentration, it is easy to get caught up in the feelings, perceptions, and thoughts as they arise. We take them to be self and get carried away by trains of association and reactivity. Notice the profound difference between being aware of a thought and being lost in it” (2016, p. 268). During seated meditation, I could hold onto my concentration, but I am not sure I was adept enough to keep from being lost in the demanding distraction of re-traumatization. And it seemed to worsen when I was alone in my room, or during walking meditation – I felt isolated, living with the arising pain of past trauma, and trying to turn down the volume on voices from the past. No amount of reminding myself that the past is past, and that emotions are impermanent seemed to keep the anxiety and depression from welling up. By midweek, I was a weepy mess, alone with my pain in the midst of absently-gazing strangers. I was plunged right back into the deep depression I had worked so hard to come out of and longed for relief in a circumstance that provided no support. And while the meditation teachers at the retreat had good intentions, speaking with them left me feeling uncomfortable and vulnerable; I was not convinced they were trained to recognize or deal with retreatants experiencing trauma reactivity or deep depression other than to encourage them to leave (which in my case, they did). I was teetering on the edge of a mental breakdown when I starkly realized it was not technology (such as the cell phone) that I sorely missed, but reassuring face-to-face connection and interaction with others. I felt immensely lonely, isolated, and helpless.
As it turns out, my experience is not that unusual. Adverse effects or challenges associated with meditation (both in retreat settings and individual meditation) are not uncommon (studies have shown approximately 25% of retreatants exhibit adverse effects ranging from minor difficulties to extreme psychosis: Shapiro, 1992; Lomas, Cartwright, Edginton & Ridge, 2014; Cebolla et al., 2017). To understand these challenges, researchers Britton, Lindahl and their co-authors interviewed nearly 100 meditators from three major traditions: Theravada, Zen, and Tibetan. “The Varieties of Contemplative Experience study investigated meditation-related experiences that are typically underreported, particularly experiences that are described as challenging, difficult, distressing, functionally impairing, and/or requiring additional support” (Lindahl et al., 2017). The study recorded unexpected experiences such as somatic changes (i.e. hypersensitivity, insomnia, and involuntary body movement) and, more importantly, mental/emotional challenges such as fear, anxiety, panic, or loss of emotions or identity. Moreover, challenging or adverse effects from meditation can occur unexpectedly, even in long-term meditators (Shapiro, 1992).
Many effects of meditation are well known, like increased awareness of thoughts and emotions, or improved calm and well-being … but there is a much broader range of possible experiences. Exactly what those experiences are, how they affect individuals and which ones show up as difficult is going to be based on a range of personal, interpersonal and contextual factors. (Orenstein, 2017, p.1)
It seems that everyone has the potential to react differently to meditation, or even to mindfulness-based interventions. Unexpected mental or emotional effects or reactions to deep meditation can be the result of a personal history (context) that is “less about the content of a [past] event than about the impact – sudden and then ongoing – that it has on our physiology … any experience that is stressful enough to leave us feeling helpless, frightened, overwhelmed or profoundly unsafe is considered trauma” (Treleaven, 2018, p. xx). Some researchers, such as Trish Magyari, are addressing the possibility of trauma-related unexpected or adverse effect of meditation through important trauma-sensitive meditation teacher training:
Persons with trauma histories, trauma stress symptoms, or a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are likely to be in virtually all mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) groups … trauma survivors experience a number of challenges to developing mindfulness skills, especially regarding those practices that are still (as opposed to moving), eyes-closed practices with long expanses of silence. This limitation stems from the primary effect of trauma on the brain, namely, chronic and easily triggered fright/flight/freeze reactivity. (2017, p. 340)
It was clear that the extended silence was creating a problem for me; all the coping strategies I had developed to deal with chronic depression from past trauma were stripped away, which triggered reactivity in my brain and resulted in a rather unexpectedly unpleasant retreat experience.
Since returning from retreat, I have been diligently working to understand my experience clearly, without getting too swept up in the anguish of the emotional reactivity. Goldstein’s discussion about bare attention and clear comprehension has helped in this regard. Even after several weeks, it is still at the forefront of my awareness. Yes, it was difficult and not something I would want to repeat, but the knowledge that has come from the experience has been worthwhile. Goldstein stated that bare attention is “naked and bare because it is simple, direct, noninterfering, and nonjudging. It’s not making up stories about experience; it’s just the simple awareness of things as they are” (2016, p. 230). Seeing my retreat experience just how it was, without embellishment or judgment has been an exercise requiring authenticity and honesty. I suppose I could pretend that it was not as bad as it seemed at the time, make up excuses, or fabricate justifications about the experience, but I don’t feel that would be as beneficial as acknowledging the pain of the experience with bare awareness and curiosity. The coping strategies I had developed were obscuring a deep, dormant wound that has now been revealed. I consider that a beneficial thing, as awareness always is, because I can now address it directly. This goes hand-in-hand with Goldstein’s definition of clear comprehension as “seeing something precisely, thoroughly, from all sides. Clear comprehension broadens the practice of bare attention from a narrow focus to one that sees things in context” (2016, p. 231). Objectively taking into account my personal context (as a person with a history of trauma, as well as the requirement to attend the silent retreat), and the context of the retreat (silent and rigid to provide a ‘container for group practice’), will reveal wisdom. That wisdom – that retreats are not for everyone, and that there are a certain number of retreatants (like myself) that will experience adverse effects from deep meditation – expands my own practice of compassion, both toward myself and others.
Tim taught that wisdom and compassion are the “two wings of the Dharma” and that they need to be fully integrated; wisdom without compassion is a distortion of knowledge taken as wisdom, and compassion without wisdom becomes lost in the narrative. He stated that “the journey of knowledge to wisdom is through compassion,” (Geil, 2018). Now that I am aware there may be some (as many as 25% of any given group) who may experience adverse effects to deep or sustained meditation, and may even be unaware they are at risk, it is wisdom to compassionately practice prudence when encouraging others along the path of mindfulness, meditation, and retreats.
Teaching & Takeaways
Despite my difficulties, I did take refuge in the nightly teaching; the offered dharma-talks were the most interesting and engaging for me. I didn’t choose this retreat because of the title, which was Awakening, but because of the teachers and time it was offered. As it happened, the theme of awakening seemed to occupy much of my contemplations. I had some pressing questions: what exactly is awakening? How does an awakened person act? How do they, or anyone else, know that they are awakened? These were persistent questions, especially after Narayan’s opening narration of the oft-quoted discourse between the brahman and the Buddha:
Then the Blessed One, leaving the road, went to sit at the root of a certain tree — his legs crossed, his body erect, with mindfulness established to the fore. Then Dona [the brahman], following the Blessed One's footprints, saw him sitting at the root of the tree: confident, inspiring confidence, his senses calmed, his mind calmed, having attained the utmost control & tranquility, tamed, guarded, his senses restrained, a naga [a great being]. On seeing him, he went to him and said, "Master, are you a deva (a god)?"
The Buddha answered no to all the Dona’s queries – he was not a deva, a gandhabba [a low-ranking deva], a yakkha [a nature spirit], or a human being. The Buddha stated,
The fermentations by which I would go
to a deva-state,
or become a gandhabba in the sky,
or go to a yakkha-state & human-state:
              Those have been destroyed by me,
              ruined, their stems removed.
Like a blue lotus, rising up,
unsmeared by water,
unsmeared am I by the world,
and so, brahman,
I'm awake.
 (Thanissaro, 2005)

The Buddha did not consider himself a ‘a person, place, or thing’ - an identity or a label – but an action. In destroying the “fermentations” of the identity or self, he had simply become awake. All roots of wanting to become (or be) something such as a deva, a gandhabba, or a yakkha, had been pulled out and done away with. Further, forsaking all conditioning and experiences, he was unscathed by the world in which he was born into like the lotus that is unchanged by the water through which it grew. But then the question remained: what did that really look like in action?
This question would be addressed by Tim in his teaching based upon the Bahiya Sutta. Bahiya “of the bark cloth,” was seeking the Buddha to learn the path to arhatship (an arhat is an enlightened disciple of the Buddha). Urgently desiring this teaching of the Buddha, he even suggested that there is no way to know what will come or how long he had to live. The Buddha relented after several requests and gave him this concise summary of the path Bahiya sought. It also provides me my answer of what being awake looks like:

Then, Bahiya, you should train yourself thus: In reference to the seen, there will be only the seen. In reference to the heard, only the heard. In reference to the sensed, only the sensed. In reference to the cognized, only the cognized. That is how you should train yourself. When for you there will be only the seen in reference to the seen, only the heard in reference to the heard, only the sensed in reference to the sensed, only the cognized in reference to the cognized, then, Bahiya, there is no you in connection with that . When there is no you in connection with that, there is no you there. When there is no you there, you are neither here no yonder nor between the two. This, just this, is the end of stress. (Thanissaro, 1994)

In sensing only what is sensed, and not attaching or judging the experience, Bahiya would no longer create a self-identity in relation to the experience. And, when there is no self or identity continually created and confirmed through judgments of experiences, then there is the “end of stress” or awakening. So, when one is awake, there is no attachment or judgment placed on any experience entering through the six ‘sense doors’ – seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, and thinking. In John Martin’s teaching on this sutta (2018), he made the distinction between consciousness as a conditioned arising (of self) and the practice of open awareness that is empty of self. Goldstein stated that  “it is exactly in these six sense spheres that we either get caught by desire or aversion or delusion, or remain free. This is why the Buddha gave such importance to understanding and being mindful of them” (2016, p. 210). The intent is to be aware of how and when I get caught in a sense-experience and of the subsequent judgment, attachment, and the delusion of a self. Only when I am aware can I choose a different response.
This line of thinking is all very abstract, and I had plenty of time during walking meditation to contemplate, so I decided to find a quiet, isolated place on one of the many trails and put sensing without attachment or judgment to the test. Sitting mindfully, I sensed all that was around me – the colorful leaves and grasses around me, the feel of the ground, the vibrations of the breeze through the high branches, and the smell of the earth. I watched my thoughts come and go without attachment, letting them float like the sparse clouds in the sky. Could I just sense without creating judgments about those sensations? I remembered Tim’s teaching that the farther the distance between the sense-experience and the ‘knower,’ the closer one was to awakening. It was a new and rather strange feeling for me to just see a leaf for what it was without noting the type of plant, how beautiful its color was, or how enjoyable it was to watch a dragonfly chose it as a landing place. I recognized my craving attachment to the sound of the wind and the warm feeling of the sun on my face. I could see how those judgments – what I liked, what I didn’t like – created who I was, piece by piece. It was pure awareness, and I think, a moment of awakening.
After five days of contemplation, I had come to an awakening, of sorts. Perhaps it was just this simple: awakening is the clear awareness of how and when self is created – to see things as they are without attachment, judgment, history, or narrative. To be awake is to encounter the flow of experiences without attachment or judgment, without creation of an identity. To sense without a self is to be awake.
Another teaching that totally captivated me was Narayan’s discourse on bowing (Liebenson, 2018). I recall her saying that bowing (and meditation, I assume) was not necessarily a Buddhist practice, but a human practice. I had made note that most of the retreatants were bowing before entering the meditation hall. And clearly there were a few retreatants who had spent some time in formal Buddhist settings (such as extended Buddhist retreats or time at a monastery), as they were performing the more formal, prostrating bow. I was curious about my mixed feelings about all this bowing, so it was wonderful that Narayan addressed it directly. Frankly, if people want to bow, I have no desire to judge (I have witnessed and participated in many bowing rituals in my life in various traditions). I did notice, however, that the longer the retreat went on, the more people were bowing. I suspected that mirroring behavior or peer pressure may have had some influence – or perhaps they just wanted to experience the sitting meditations as a more sacred affair, delineated by bowing as they entered and left the hall. Or maybe they self-identified as Buddhist and that was their spiritual ritual. All the bowing didn’t bother or distract me, I was just fascinated and curious about the ritual aspect of all this bowing.
Narayan stated that external bowing was nice but optional in our Western context. She was personally convinced, however, that internal bowing was not optional (Liebenson, 2018). Internal bowing, as I understood her to say, was an acknowledgment and surrender to what was arising, surrender to others, and surrender to the Triple Gem (the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha). I spent some time contemplating this internal bow. I initially conceded that I could bow internally if that meant to have faith (or confidence) in the Buddha (that he was indeed enlightened) and his Dharma (the truth of his teachings). I can most certainly bow to the ideals of the Dharma and the precepts, especially the precept of ‘do no harm,’ which has been a driving force in my life always. But I had difficulty having confidence in, and surrendering to, the Sangha. Why should I have confidence or trust in the Sangha? Did that mean these people here at this retreat? I didn’t even know them. Should I have confidence in them because they meditate or are on the ‘path’? In actuality, I have had faith and trust in other groups. In my past, I have completely surrendered for the good of the group to the point of sacrifice. Unfortunately, it has been my experience that participation in organized groups or communities end in substantial suffering for a myriad of reasons. This makes it a challenge for me to trust, much less ‘surrender’ or bow to a group or ‘sangha.’ In the end, they are all impermanent.
I brought up these questions to Narayan in one of our meetings. She suggested that ‘surrendering’ to the Sangha could mean something far beyond having ‘faith’ in those meditating next to me. She explained that I could have confidence in all those who have walked the Dharma path ahead of me, and I could have faith and appreciation in those who had furthered understanding of the path. Now, this was something I could embrace – there have been those who have been immensely helpful to me in my journey along the path, even when I didn’t completely understand or acknowledge the Dharma.
I continued to contemplate this idea of surrender and the concept of ‘sangha.’ Even considering ‘surrender’ while struggling with arising depression and feelings of isolation, was difficult. During one of the times of walking meditation, I sat to meditate in the surrounding nature. As communed with the trees, I looked up toward the tallest branches and the clear, blue sky. To my amazement, directly in my line of sight, the branches had grown together to outline a perfect, sky-blue heart. In that moment I realized that nature had always been my trusted Sangha. Like many people throughout human history, I have retreated into nature to find solace, comfort, connection, and answers. Whether it was long, solitary strolls alongside the curling waves of the Pacific Ocean, mindful meanders along a trail in native forest, or feeling the expanse of a rolling prairie with an endless sky overhead, nature has served as my refuge. The loving message of the trees reminded me of that steadfast Sangha  – welcoming, accepting, non-judgmental, and honest. Nature just is and never tries to be something it is not. Nature is pure and true. I can accept that my faith in the third part of the Triple Gem could consist of those that have gone before me who have generously shared their wisdom, along with the ever-enduring natural world that surrounds and supports me. At that moment, I accepted and understood Narayan’s concept of that inner bow as an acknowledgement and surrender to the wisdom of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sanga. I need the promise of awakening, the path that leads to that promise that others have trod, and an accepting and authentic Sangha. That is the path to freedom:  forgiving myself and others, accepting things just as they are, knowing and having confidence in the path, loving connection and belonging, and being authentic. And while I am not culturally conditioned to bow, nor am I motivated to participate in a retreat ritual such as bowing upon entering the meditation hall, I can bow and surrender internally to these things that are very close to my heart.
What Doesn’t Kill Us Makes Us Stronger
During the second half of the retreat I felt as if the difficulties I was encountering were so distracting that it was hindering my practice. I remember thinking, “I can hardly get past the challenge of it all in order to actually practice!” I diligently set an intention to put aside any attention to emotional arising during formal sitting practice and sought to simply focus on the body and breath. And those became the most settling times for me. In fact, the suggestion to use the body as a stabilizing anchor (the breath, if that is not triggering, or other bodily anchors such as feet on the floor, hands in the lap, or sitting on a seat) can be a way to establish a sense of stability, safety and distance from re-experiencing the emotional reactivity of a traumatic event (Treleaven, 2018, p. 112-126). Using a stabilizing anchor can sometimes offer mindful space to explore whatever is arising in a ‘window of tolerance’ (a framework of understanding symptoms of hyper-reactivity to triggered traumatic memories; it is learning the “signs that someone may be exceeding their window of tolerance and begin to offer modifications [that] can help people thrive in their [mindfulness] practice, and help ensure they avoid re-traumatization,” Treleaven, 2018, p. 88). I see now that I was utilizing the body as an anchor to offset adverse effects during seated meditation but was having difficulty staying within a ‘window of tolerance’ during walking meditation sessions. In addition, several nights during the retreat I experienced panic attacks due to the re-activation of memories and emotions during the day.
In further consideration of my challenges, I looked at what Goldstein called the three distortions of experience (Goldstein, 2016, p. 342-3) - distortion of perception, distortion of mind (when we think and ruminate about our mistaken perceptions), and distortion of view (when we become convinced of a truth that we are reticent to see things another way). I must consider that I could be delusional about my recollections of the experience. At first reading these, I noticed aversion arising – the retreat experience was painful for me, and his words felt rather arrogant or non-feeling, in my view. But for clear comprehension, I must think about these distortions with equanimity and ask myself the hard question: was my perception of the experience a distortion?
My perception of the requirement of silence, at first, was fine. However, after a day or two, I realized that extended silence was causing pain and harm. Was that a distortion of perception? It was a perception, certainly, and at this point, I am uncertain whether I would call it a distortion, even though others may have viewed the silence differently. I then had to deal with that pain – did I experience a distortion of mind by ruminating about that pain? Again, I am uncertain. I knew I was uncomfortable and experienced aversion to the lack of communication. Further, was I reinforcing a distorted view by refusing to see how the silence could be a benefit to practice? Well, no – for some, the extended silence is a welcome respite from their hyper-busy lives, without question. However, I found the extended silence and lack of support to be a hindrance to my practice. Perhaps silence would be better if it were in a different circumstance, such as a shorter retreat situation, or even a personal retreat, rather than a week-long silent retreat at a center.
In Tim’s teaching about wisdom and compassion, he stated that “any thought you think is, at best, can only be partly true or point to what is partly true” (Geil, 2018). I agree with this, and I must seek to understand and see clearly how my interpretations, beliefs, and reactivity could be only partially true – not in a judgmental way, but in a fluid, compassionate way.
This is what makes trauma so cruel. Instead of integrating a traumatic experience, we become forced to re-experience it – over and over again – through the body. What was meant to be adaptive, short-term response to a threat becomes maladaptive and problematic over time. Our main navigational system – our inner body sensations – becomes compromised, and our ability to correctly assess the present moment vanishes. Our ability to detect what’s safe versus what’s threatening is lost, and we can come to mistrust our own experience. (Treleaven, 2018, p. 132)
I need to be aware, honest, and compassionate (with myself) about how my body and mind are hyper-reactive to those experiences that re-trigger a trauma reaction. I cannot affirm that it was a purposeful distortion of perception, mind, or view. And, it was a challenge not to feel embarrassment and shame at my inability to be stronger and just ‘sit’ with my arising emotions. My own expectation of calm equanimity was hijacked at times by the trauma reactivity that was burned into the memory of my body-mind.
Not everything was unpleasant, and there are good things to remember and replicate from the retreat experience. I am very grateful for the gems I took with me, but honestly, I was very glad and relieved when it was over. I cannot deny that the after-effects were beautiful – I felt so calm, peaceful, relaxed, and mindful for several days afterward. I wonder if that is not one of the reasons people choose to attend meditation retreats. Putting oneself into an uncomfortable situation can give a glorious sense of relief when it is over. And, it is true, challenges that don’t do irreparable harm do make us stronger and more confident of our capabilities.
Moreover, as a result of this retreat I have increased my daily sitting meditation from 20 – 30 minutes to 30 – 40 minutes. I am certainly more committed to creating a mindful and peaceful home environment; I make a more concerted effort to slow down and mindfully complete tasks, rather than just hurry up and get things done. I realized just how frantic and grasping my days had become. After retreat, I find myself slowing down and taking opportunities to be fully aware of my surroundings and companions. I have attempted to identify and eliminate unnecessary concerns and tasks, such as time spend keeping up with social media or trying to fill every moment with ‘doing.’ I have also committed to planning short personal retreats away from school, family, friends, and technology to reconnect and center my practice.
Part of that practice is the realization of what is important. The joy of living, for me, comes from sharing experiences and life with others, always with the intent of helping myself and others suffer less. I will never be an ascetic, nor have I ever aspired to be. A 7-day silent retreat only confirmed that conclusion for me; silence while in a group is awkward and unnatural, in my view. Humans are social beings, and we need support and care from others. For some, sitting a retreat to make their practice more robust is just what they need. But there are other ways, and retreats may not be for everybody. I am glad I was able to complete the retreat in full and can now say that I have completed one. Many memories of the retreat will remain with me, one of which happened during a meeting with Narayan. I had shared that I thought I was working too hard at being mindful and found myself repeatedly asking the question ‘am I being mindful right now? Am I mindful enough?’ She smiled and reassured me. “The answer to that question is always yes. Whenever the question arises, just tell yourself yes.”
Then came the last day of the retreat. The sun was shining and for me, everything was wonderful. It was over. After packing our belongings and finishing our yogi tasks, I realized Chuck and I were among the last to leave. Later that afternoon, there would be a new group of yogis arriving with the same nervousness and anticipation of their time at Cloud Mountain as I had experienced. I thought about them as I walked toward Yogi Hall one last time. I passed the young man with almost-dreads perched cross-legged on a large stone. He was serene and happy – his gaze no longer subdued and distant. I didn’t speak to him, but I wish I would have. Clearly this was not his first retreat, and I suspect it would not be his last. I found myself wishing that I could have had more time to get to know these fellow retreatants – where were they from? How and why did they find themselves attending this retreat? What was their perceptions of the retreat experience? Perhaps we would have had much in common, and I might have taken away a much different perception from those interactions. I felt that there was a great opportunity for connection that had been lost – it made me sad. As we drove down the gravel driveway and out onto the country road leading away from Cloud Mountain and back to reality, I remember marveling at the deep quality of mindfulness that saturated my mind and body. I was certain I wouldn’t be returning.  And I didn’t ask myself if I was adequately mindful. The answer was yes.



References
Cebolla, A., Demarzo, M., Martins, P., Soler, J., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey. Plos One, 12(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183137
Geil, T. (2018, August 19). Wisdom & compassion [audio file]. Retrieved from https://dharmaseed.org/teacher/800/talk/51715/
Goldstein, J. (2016). Mindfulness: A practical guide to awakening. Boulder, CO: Sounds True.
Liebenson, N. H. (2018, August 19). Bowing to everything [audio file]. Retrieved from https://dharmaseed.org/teacher/131/51704/
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists. Plos One, 12(5)
Lomas, T., Cartwright, T., Edginton, T., & Ridge, D. (2014). A qualitative analysis of experiential challenges associated with meditation practice. Mindfulness, 6(4), 848-860. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0329-8
Magyari, T. (2017). Chapter 18: Teaching individuals with traumatic stress. In D. McCown, D. Reibel, & M. S. Micozzi (Eds.), Resources for teaching mindfulness: An international handbook (pp. 339-358). Springer International Publishing AG.
Martin, J. (2018, March 16). The six sense spheres & the Bahiya Sutta (retreat at Spirit Rock) [audio file]. Retrieved from https://dharmaseed.org/teacher/647/talk/49188/
Orenstein, D. (2017). Study documents range of challenging meditation experiences. Retrieved from https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/05/experiences
Shapiro, D. H., Jr. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: A preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. Int. J. Psychosom, 39, 1-4, 62-67.
Thanissaro, Bh., Trans. (1994). Bahiya Sutta: Bahiya. Retrieved from https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.1.10.than.html
Thanissaro, Bh., Trans. (2005). Dona Sutta: with Dona. Retrieved from https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.036.than.html
Treleaven, D. A., & Britton, W. (2018). Trauma-sensitive mindfulness: Practices for safe and transformative healing. New York: W.W Norton & Company.

October 2018

Wednesday, March 23, 2022

Hello.



My name is Liz and I am a writer.

I have written many things over the past decade or so. Essays, research papers, reflections, blog posts, letters, and post cards have been written, edited, re-written, and lovingly massaged. This vast array of words - from areas of interest such as religion, antiquities and classical thought, social justice, mindfulness, education, and psychology - have all coalesced into a beautiful tangle of knowledge. It has changed me deeply. And, it all needs some air.

I have decided to share these past efforts, along with new ones, so that perhaps friends may enjoy reading. Some may be reading for the first time, while others may have read but forgotten. Some of it is challenging, some informative, some just plain silly. But in a world of heaviness, sometimes we need something else to think about ... something other than politics, sensationalism, and harm.

I have spent the last 10+ years researching, writing, and polishing my critical thinking skills. I hope you will take the time to read along, if only to niggle your brain in a different direction, and even if you don't agree. Perhaps something you read here will drop like a seed only to sprout into something else in due time. And when it does, I want to read it.

I am glad you are here.

Warmly,

The (Sweet &) Salty Wordsmith


Postscript - apparently, the slang 'salty' is indicative of one who is annoyed or resentful, especially if criticized or bested in some way. I have read that the slang has been around since the late 1800s, however I sense a change in the wind. All words evolve, and I think this slang 'label' is taking on a hint of pride. For example, people wear shirts that announce their 'saltiness' (as evidenced in the pic above), or a person saying on social media that they feel 'salty', meaning they are irritated at life in general (and who can blame them?). I named this blog the Salty Wordsmith mostly because I tend to be a bit sarcastic (which I interpret to be rather salty), and I also live on the Pacific Coast of Washington State. It is very salty here! So, that's it - the Salty Wordsmith, or salty wordie, for short.

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